Contenido principal del artículo

Max Zavala Solorzano
Alpino Mendoza Garcia
Angie Tatyana Fernández Escobar
Abrahams Moises Cabrera Montalvo
Franklin Dionisio Montalvo
Contexto: La Justicia Ambiental se entiende como un marco crítico y ético que examina cómo se distribuyen los impactos ambientales entre diferentes grupos sociales. Objetivo: Evaluar de forma diferenciada por sitio, los impactos ambientales y sanitarios de los botaderos Nuevo Copal y Las Mercedes sobre comunidades vecinas del distrito de José Crespo y Castillo (Huánuco, Perú), incluidas sus repercusiones sobre suelo agrícola, agua y seguridad alimentaria. Materiales y métodos: Investigación aplicada, cuantitativa, descriptiva, no experimental y transversal. La revisión documental de los Planes de Recuperación de Áreas Degradadas se articuló con visitas técnicas guiadas por lista de verificación, análisis espacial mediante Sistemas de Información Geográfica (radio de 0 a 500 metros) y encuesta estructurada a jefes de hogar: 45 viviendas junto a Nuevo Copal y 114 junto a Las Mercedes (95 % de confianza; 5 % de margen de error). Resultados: Ninguno de los dos botaderos dispuso de infraestructura adecuada: faltaron pozos de captación de lixiviados, control de gases y cobertura suficiente de residuos. El 68 % de quienes respondieron percibió daños en su entorno; más del 70 % expresó preocupación ante los riesgos sanitarios. Declararon, además, afectación de la agropecuaria de sustento, proliferación de vectores y deterioro del aire, el agua y el suelo. Conclusión: La distribución desigual de las cargas ambientales quedó verificada y contradice el principio de equidad ambiental. Recuperar las áreas degradadas exige cierre técnico por etapas, monitoreo ambiental con participación comunitaria y enfoque agroecológico bajo perspectiva de salud única, orientado a proteger suelo, agua y producción de alimentos.
Context: Environmental Justice is understood as a critical and ethical framework that examines how environmental impacts are distributed among different social groups. Objective: To assess by site, differentially the environmental and health impacts of the Nuevo Copal and Las Mercedes dumps on neighbouring communities in José Crespo y Castillo district (Huánuco, Peru), including repercussions on agricultural soil, water and food security. Materials and methods: Applied, quantitative, descriptive, non-experimental, cross-sectional research. Documentary review of the Degraded Area Recovery Plans was articulated with checklist-guided technical visits, spatial analysis through Geographic Information Systems (0 to 500 metre radius) and a structured survey of household heads: 45 dwellings near Nuevo Copal and 114 near Las Mercedes (95 % confidence; 5 % margin of error). Results: Neither dump had adequate infrastructure: leachate collection wells, gas control and sufficient waste cover were missing. Sixty-eight percent of respondents perceived damage to their surroundings; more than 70 % voiced concern about health risks. They further reported effects on subsistence farming, vector proliferation and deterioration of air, water and soil. Conclusion: The unequal distribution of environmental burdens was verified and contradicts the principle of environmental equity. Recovering the degraded areas requires staged technical closure, community-based environmental monitoring and an agroecological approach under a One Health perspective, aimed at protecting soil, water and food production.

Detalles del artículo

Sección

INVESTIGACIONES

Cómo citar

1.
Justicia ambiental en comunidades próximas a los botaderos Nuevo Copal y Las Mercedes. Alfa Revista de Investigación en Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias [Internet]. 2026 Oct. 21 [cited 2026 Nov. 1];10(30):1-16. Available from: https://revistaalfa.org/index.php/revistaalfa/article/view/718
Referencias

Bullard RD. Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality. 3rd ed. Boulder: Westview Press; 2000. https://www.routledge.com/Dumping-In-Dixie-Race-Class-And-Environmental-Quality-Third-Edition/Bullard/p/book/9780813367927

Mohai P, Saha R. Which came first, people or pollution? Assessing the disparate siting and post-siting demographic change hypotheses of environmental injustice. Environ Res Lett. 2015;10(11):115008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/11/115008

Ferronato N, Torretta V. Waste mismanagement in developing countries: a review of global issues. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(6):1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061060

Kaza S, Yao L, Bhada-Tata P, Van Woerden F. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2018. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/30317

United Nations Environment Programme. Global Waste Management Outlook 2024: Beyond an Age of Waste. Nairobi: UNEP; 2024. https://www.unep.org/resources/global-waste-management-outlook-2024

Ministerio del Ambiente (MINAM). Sistema de Información para la Gestión de Residuos Sólidos (SIGERSOL): reportes nacionales. Lima: MINAM. https://www.gob.pe/minam

Organismo de Evaluación y Fiscalización Ambiental (OEFA). Reportes de fiscalización de botaderos y áreas degradadas por residuos sólidos. Lima: OEFA. https://www.oefa.gob.pe

Kjeldsen P, Barlaz MA, Rooker AP, Baun A, Ledin A, Christensen TH. Present and long-term composition of MSW landfill leachate: a review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. 2002;32(4):297-336. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380290813462

Parvin F, Tareq SM. Impact of landfill leachate contamination on surface and groundwater of Bangladesh: a systematic review and possible public health risks assessment. Appl Water Sci. 2021;11:100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01431-3

Christensen TH, Kjeldsen P, Bjerg PL, Jensen DL, Christensen JB, Baun A, et al. Biogeochemistry of landfill leachate plumes. Appl Geochem. 2001;16(7-8):659-718. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00082-2

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, United Nations Environment Programme. Global Assessment of Soil Pollution: Report. Rome: FAO; 2021. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/fe5df8d6-6b19-4def-bdc6-62886d824574/content/cb4894en.html

Porta D, Milani S, Lazzarino AI, Perucci CA, Forastiere F. Systematic review of epidemiological studies on health effects associated with management of solid waste. Environ Health. 2009;8:60. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-8-60

Destoumieux-Garzón D, Mavingui P, Boetsch G, Boissier J, Darriet F, Duboz P, et al. The One Health concept: 10 years old and a long road ahead. Front Vet Sci. 2018;5:14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00014

World Health Organization. Waste and Human Health: Evidence and Needs. Copenhagen: WHO meeting report 5–6 November 2015: Bonn, Germany; 2015. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/waste-and-human-health-evidence-and-needs

Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe. Acuerdo Regional sobre el Acceso a la Información, la Participación Pública y el Acceso a la Justicia en Asuntos Ambientales en América Latina y el Caribe (Acuerdo de Escazú). Santiago: CEPAL; 2018. https://www.cepal.org/es/acuerdodeescazu

Organización de las Naciones Unidas. Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Nueva York: ONU. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/es/objetivos-de-desarrollo-sostenible/

Alloway BJ, editor. Heavy Metals in Soils: Trace Metals and Metalloids in Soils and their Bioavailability. 3rd ed. Dordrecht: Springer; 2013. https://www.springer.com

Hernández-Sampieri R, Fernández Collado C, Baptista Lucio P. Metodología de la Investigación. 6.ª ed. Ciudad de México: McGraw-Hill; 2014. https://biblioteca.ucuenca.edu.ec/digital/s/biblioteca-digital/ark:/25654/148#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0

Ministerio del Ambiente (MINAM). Decreto Legislativo N.º 1278: Ley de Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos. Lima: El Peruano; 2016. https://www.gob.pe/minam

QGIS Development Team. QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation. https://www.qgis.org

Ministerio del Ambiente (MINAM). Decreto Supremo N.º 011-2017-MINAM: Estándares de Calidad Ambiental (ECA) para Suelo. Lima: El Peruano; 2017. https://www.gob.pe/minam

Ministerio del Ambiente (MINAM). Decreto Supremo N.º 003-2017-MINAM: Estándares de Calidad Ambiental (ECA) para Aire. Lima: El Peruano; 2017. https://www.gob.pe/minam

Ministerio del Ambiente (MINAM). Decreto Supremo N.º 004-2017-MINAM: Estándares de Calidad Ambiental (ECA) para Agua. Lima: El Peruano; 2017. https://www.gob.pe/minam

Renou S, Givaudan JG, Poulain S, Dirassouyan F, Moulin P. Landfill leachate treatment: review and opportunity. J Hazard Mater. 2008;150(3):468-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.077

Mor S, Ravindra K, Dahiya RP, Chandra A. Leachate characterization and assessment of groundwater pollution near municipal solid waste landfill site. Environ Monit Assess. 2006;118:435-456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-1505-7

Naveen BP, Mahapatra DM, Sitharam TG, Sivapullaiah PV, Ramachandra TV. Physico-chemical and biological characterization of urban municipal landfill leachate. Environ Pollut. 2017;220:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.002

Wijekoon P, Koliyabandara PA, Cooray AT, Lam SS, Athapattu BC, Vithanage M. Progress and prospects in mitigation of landfill leachate pollution: risk, pollution potential, treatment and challenges. J Hazard Mater. 2022;421:126627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126627

World Health Organization. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. 4th ed. Geneva: WHO; 2017. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549950

Vrijheid M. Health effects of residence near hazardous waste landfill sites: a review of epidemiologic literature. Environ Health Perspect. 2000;108(Suppl 1):101-112. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108s1101

Mattiello A, Chiodini P, Bianco E, Forgione N, Flammia I, Gallo C, et al. Health effects associated with the disposal of solid waste in landfills and incinerators in populations living in surrounding areas: a systematic review. Int J Public Health. 2013;58:725-735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-013-0496-8

Fazzo L, Minichilli F, Santoro M, Ceccarini A, Della Seta M, Bianchi F, et al. Hazardous waste and health impact: a systematic review of the scientific literature. Environ Health. 2017;16:107. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0311-8

Triassi M, Alfano R, Illario M, Nardone A, Caporale O, Montuori P. Environmental pollution from illegal waste disposal and health effects: a review on the Triangle of Death. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(2):1216-1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120201216

Giusti L. A review of waste management practices and their impact on human health. Waste Manag. 2009;29(8):2227-2239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.02.001

El-Fadel M, Findikakis AN, Leckie JO. Environmental impacts of solid waste landfilling. J Environ Manage. 1997;50(1):1-25. https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.1995.0131

Bogner J, Pipatti R, Hashimoto S, Diaz C, Mareckova K, Diaz L, et al. Mitigation of global greenhouse gas emissions from waste: conclusions and strategies from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report. Working Group III (Mitigation). 2008;26(1):11-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X07088433

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2022. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/

Nanda S, Berruti F. Municipal solid waste management and landfilling technologies: a review. Environ Chem Lett. 2021;19(2):1433-1456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01100-y

Krystosik A, Njoroge G, Odhiambo L, Forsyth JE, Mutuku F, LaBeaud AD. Solid wastes provide breeding sites, burrows, and food for biological disease vectors, and urban zoonotic reservoirs: a call to action for solutions-based research. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14(1):e0007953. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007953

Marshall RE, Farahbakhsh K. Systems approaches to integrated solid waste management in developing countries. Waste Manag. 2013;33(4):988-1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.12.023

Komane BL, Mathonsi TE. Design of a Smart Waste Management System for the City of Johannesburg. arXiv:2303.14436 (preprint). 2023. https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.14436

Nagajyoti PC, Lee KD, Sreekanth TV. Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review. Environ Chem Lett. 2010;8:199-216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-010-0297-8

Vaverková MD, Elbl J, Koda E, Adamcová D, Bilgin A, Lukas V, et al. Chemical composition and hazardous effects of leachate from the active municipal solid waste landfill surrounded by farmlands. Sustainability. 2020;12(11):4531. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114531

Smith SR. A critical review of the bioavailability and impacts of heavy metals in municipal solid waste composts compared to sewage sludge. Environ Int. 2009;35(1):142-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.06.009

Anand N, Palani SG. A comprehensive investigation of toxicity and pollution potential of municipal solid waste landfill leachate. Sci Total Environ. 2022;838(Pt 1):155891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155891