Eficiencia de sistemas híbridos de tratamiento de aguas residuales en contextos de baja institucionalidad en la Amazonía peruana
Efficiency of hybrid wastewater treatment systems in low institutional capacity contexts in the peruvian AmazonContenido principal del artículo
Contexto: La gestión de aguas residuales en la Amazonía peruana se ve limitada por la fragilidad institucional, afectando la eficiencia de los sistemas de tratamiento y la calidad ambiental de los cuerpos de agua. Objetivo: Evaluar cómo la capacidad institucional modera la eficiencia de los sistemas híbridos de tratamiento (STH), que combinan fitorremediación con Eichhornia crassipes y biodigestión anaeróbica, en plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) de la cuenca del río Mayo, San Martín. Metodología: Se empleó un diseño cuasi-experimental con emparejamiento por puntaje de propensión (PSM) y diferencias de diferencias (DiD), complementado con modelación de ecuaciones estructurales. Se analizaron 42 PTAR con STH, evaluando la eficiencia de remoción de carga orgánica y la calidad del efluente. Resultados: El STH mejora la calidad del efluente (β = 0,42; p < 0,01) únicamente a través de la mediación completa de la eficiencia de remoción de carga orgánica. En municipios con alta capacidad institucional, el impacto fue robusto (β = 0,78), mientras que en contextos de baja capacidad el efecto se invirtió (β = -0,12). Se identificó un umbral crítico de gestión institucional de 3,85 mediante el método Johnson-Neyman. Conclusiones: La tecnología híbrida por sí sola no garantiza eficiencia ni calidad del efluente; se requiere un nivel mínimo de institucionalidad para que los STH operen de manera efectiva, subrayando la importancia de fortalecer la capacidad institucional para lograr un manejo sostenible de aguas residuales.
Context: wastewater management in the Peruvian Amazon is constrained by institutional fragility, undermining treatment efficiency and the environmental quality of water bodies. Objective: to evaluate how institutional capacity moderates the efficiency of hybrid treatment systems (HTS)—combining Eichhornia crassipes phytoremediation and anaerobic biodigestion—within wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Mayo River basin, San Martín. Methods: a quasi-experimental design was employed using Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Difference-in-Differences (DiD), supplemented by structural equation modeling. The study analyzed 42 WWTPs equipped with HTS, assessing organic load removal efficiency and effluent quality. Results: HTS improves effluent quality (β=0.42, p<.01) solely through the full mediation of organic load removal efficiency. In municipalities with high institutional capacity, the impact was robust (β=0.78), whereas in low-capacity contexts, the effect was inverted (β=−0.12). A critical institutional management threshold of 3.85 was identified using the Johnson-Neyman method. Conclusion: hybrid technology alone does not guarantee efficiency or effluent quality; a minimum level of institutional capacity is required for HTS to operate effectively. This underscores the necessity of strengthening institutional frameworks for sustainable wastewater management.
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