Impacto de suelo, labranza y nitrógeno en rendimiento de arroz de secano en Panamá.
Impact of Soil Moisture, Tillage Systems, and Nitrogen Fertilization on Upland Rice Yield in PanamBarra lateral del artículo
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Contexto: El arroz de secano (Oryza sativa L.) continúa siendo una opción estratégica para aprovechar ambientes agrícolas con disponibilidad hídrica irregular, aunque su productividad depende de interacciones complejas entre humedad del suelo, sistema de labranza y fertilización nitrogenada. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de tres condiciones de suelo, dos sistemas de labranza y cuatro dosis de nitrógeno sobre el rendimiento de grano y la absorción de nutrientes del arroz de secano en la Finca Experimental El Coco, provincia de Coclé, Panamá. Metodología: Se empleó un arreglo factorial 3 × 2 × 4 en bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Los factores fueron condición edáfica o hídrica del suelo (seco, medio húmedo y alto húmedo), labranza (cero y convencional) y nitrógeno (0, 30, 60 y 100 kg N/ha). Se midieron velocidad de infiltración, propiedades físico-químicas del suelo, rendimiento de grano y absorción de N, P, K, Fe y Mn a 65 días después de la siembra. Resultados: La fertilización nitrogenada incrementó significativamente el rendimiento y la absorción de nutrientes, con respuesta más marcada en el suelo alto húmedo. El máximo rendimiento fue 3493 kg/ha con 100 kg N/ha y labranza convencional en suelo alto húmedo. En suelo seco, la cero labranza mostró ventaja relativa, probablemente por conservación de humedad y menor perturbación superficial. Conclusiones: La condición de humedad del suelo moduló la respuesta al nitrógeno y a la labranza. En los Llanos de Coclé, el arroz de secano puede ser viable si se ajusta la dosis nitrogenada al ambiente edáfico y se evita extrapolar una recomendación uniforme entre suelos contrastantes.
Context: Upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) remains a strategic option for agricultural environments with irregular water availability, although productivity depends on complex interactions among soil moisture, tillage system and nitrogen fertilization. Objective: To evaluate the effect of three soil conditions, two tillage systems and four nitrogen rates on grain yield and nutrient uptake of upland rice at the El Coco Experimental Farm, Coclé Province, Panama. Method: A 3 × 2 × 4 factorial arrangement was established in randomized complete blocks with four replications. Factors were soil or hydrological condition (dry, medium-moist and high-moist), tillage (zero and conventional) and nitrogen rate (0, 30, 60 and 100 kg N/ha). Infiltration rate, soil physicochemical properties, grain yield and N, P, K, Fe and Mn uptake at 65 days after sowing were assessed. Results: Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased yield and nutrient uptake, with the strongest response in the high-moist soil. The maximum yield was 3493 kg/ha with 100 kg N/ha and conventional tillage in high-moist soil. In dry soil, zero tillage showed a relative advantage, probably because of moisture conservation and lower surface disturbance. Conclusions: Soil moisture condition modulated the response to nitrogen and tillage. In the Coclé Plains, upland rice can be viable when nitrogen rate is adjusted to the edaphic environment and uniform recommendations are not extrapolated across contrasting soils.
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