Influencia del almacenamiento y preincubación en huevos fértiles sobre la viabilidad embrionaria: Revisión sistemática
Influence of storage and pre-incubation of fertile eggs on embryonic viability: A systematic reviewBarra lateral del artículo
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La incubación artificial de huevos fértiles es un pilar de la industria avícola moderna, donde las pérdidas asociadas a la mortalidad embrionaria y a la baja incubabilidad representan un desafío técnico y económico relevante. Esta revisión sistematica tuvo como objetivo analizar la influencia de las condiciones de almacenamiento y preincubación en la viabilidad embrionaria de huevos fértiles de pollos de engorde, identificando los factores determinantes que inciden en la fertilidad, la incubabilidad y el desarrollo óptimo del pollito. El estudio se desarrolló con un enfoque cualitativo y un alcance exploratorio-documental. Se aplicó la metodología PRISMA 2020 para la selección de 53 documentos, los cuales fueron sometidos a análisis bibliométrico mediante VOSviewer y Bibliometrix y sus resultados integrados en un análisis multifactorial sintetizado en un diagrama de radar. Los resultados confirman que el almacenamiento prolongado y la baja humedad relativa constituyen los factores más perjudiciales, al incrementar la mortalidad embrionaria temprana y la deshidratación del huevo. Este efecto negativo puede mitigarse mediante la preincubación (SPIDES), que contribuye a la recuperación de la capacidad de eclosión, siempre que se ajusten de forma precisa variables moduladoras como la temperatura de almacenamiento y la edad del lote. Se concluye que la viabilidad embrionaria es un proceso dinámico y multifactorial, en el que el impacto del almacenamiento prolongado puede atenuarse mediante estrategias de manejo como la preincubación y el volteo sistemático, orientadas a favorecer una incubación exitosa.
Artificial incubation of fertile eggs is a cornerstone of the modern poultry industry, where losses associated with embryonic mortality and low hatchability represent a significant technical and economic challenge. This systematic review aimed to analyze the influence of storage and pre-incubation conditions on the embryonic viability of fertile broiler eggs, identifying the determining factors that affect fertility, hatchability, and optimal chick development. The study employed a qualitative approach and an exploratory-documentary scope. The PRISMA 2020 methodology was applied to select 53 documents, which were then subjected to bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer and Bibliometrix. The results were integrated into a multifactorial analysis synthesized in a radar chart. The findings confirm that prolonged storage and low relative humidity are the most detrimental factors, increasing early embryonic mortality and egg dehydration. This negative effect can be mitigated through pre-incubation (SPIDES), which contributes to the recovery of hatchability, provided that modulating variables such as storage temperature and batch age are precisely adjusted. It is concluded that embryonic viability is a dynamic and multifactorial process, in which the impact of prolonged storage can be attenuated through management strategies such as pre-incubation and systematic egg turning, aimed at promoting successful incubation.
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