Revista Alfa

Use of calcium amendments to improve chemical properties and nutrient availability of acidic soils

Mario Humberto Taípe Cancho — 2025-09-10

Existem vários corretivos de cálcio utilizados para corrigir a acidez do solo. The research work was experimental, the objective was to evaluate the effect of dolomite and silicate on chemical properties, nutrient availability in acid soils of Maynas, Iquitos. The methodology was incubation in a laboratory in Cañete. Different doses of amendments were applied: 2.5 t/ha, 5 t/ha and 10 t/ha of dolomite, silicate, with the comparison of the control treatment, with acid soil without amendments. The design used was the Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications, with a total of 21 experimental units. The results of dolomite, silicate presented statistically similar behaviors in the improvement of chemical properties. The increase of pH and C.I.C.E. was observed with the increase of the applied dose, obtained at pH 6.47, with the pplication of 10 t/ha of amendment. Soil acidity decreased significantly, being reduced to 0.11 mEq-g/100 g, with the same dose of calcium amendments. The availability of nutrients, it was evidenced the increase of amendment doses up to 10 t/ha of dolomite and silicate, there was an increase in the concentration of cations: Calcium (up to 1056.10 ppm) and magnesium (up to 254.60 ppm), as in phosphorus, which reached 6.40 ppm. Potassium did not show significant variation with the different doses, maintaining an average of 40.15 ppm in all treatments. The most notable results were obtained with treatments T6 and T7, with higher doses (10 t/ha) of dolomite and silicate.

Photovoltaic energy systems: A systematic review

Russsbelt Yaulilahua-Huacho — 2025-09-10

Photovoltaic solar energy is fundamental to the global energy transition, offering a clean and sustainable source. This systematic review (2019-2025) analyzes the technical optimization, sectoral applications, and energy management of photovoltaic systems. It highlights that adjusting the tilt angle and azimuth, along with solar tracking systems, can increase efficiency by 5% to 40%. Thermal effect mitigation improves performance in hot climates. Applications include agroindustry, rural electrification, electric mobility, and manufacturing, where advanced technologies such as multifunctional inverters and energy storage optimize production and reduce costs and emissions. However, challenges remain in initial costs, maintenance, and adaptation to existing electrical grids. Future research is recommended to focus on accessible, durable technologies and inclusive business models to expand access in vulnerable communities.

Economic valuation of agroforestry systems in Alto Huallaga

José Kalion Guerra Lu — 2025-09-10

The implementation of agroforestry systems has gained relevance in the search for sustainable alternatives for rural development in various regions of Peru. Objective: This research economically evaluated the agroforestry systems implemented by DEVIDA in Alto Huallaga, Leoncio Prado Province, Huánuco. Methodology: A quantitative approach was used with a descriptive-correlational design and a non-probabilistic sample of 20 family farming units distributed across seven districts. Results: The findings determined that the average economic value of the tree component reached S/. 42,715 per hectare, while the agricultural component generated S/. 36,927 per hectare. The comparative analysis revealed that agroforestry systems increase average profitability by 95.4%, rising from 34.7% without agroforestry systems to 67.8% with their inclusion (p<0.001). Conclusion: Agroforestry systems represent a financially viable alternative for sustainable rural development in the Amazon region. Active promotion is recommended through comprehensive training programs and natural resource management.

Mathematical models for urban environmental noise prediction: critical review 2020-2025

Luis Antonio Flores Flores — 2025-09-10

In recent years, the use of predictive models for urban environmental noise has gained relevance as a tool to support sustainable urban management. This systematic review of 50 studies published between 2020 and 2025 reveals significant progress in the development and application of mathematical, statistical and computational models to estimate noise levels in urban environments. The most frequent approaches include multiple linear regression models, geostatistical analysis, artificial neural networks, support vector machines and long short-term memory networks. Integration with Geographic Information Systems and mobile platforms has improved spatial resolution and data accessibility. The most used variables include vehicular volume, building density, meteorological conditions and time of day. The most accurate models achieved determination coefficients greater than R² = 0.90, demonstrating their potential in territorial planning, acoustic zoning and environmental monitoring. Despite these advances, challenges persist such as lack of real-time data, limited community participation and limited application in intermediate cities in Latin America. This review provides a solid foundation for developing predictive tools applicable to contexts such as Iquitos, Peru.

Impact of Lake Chinchaycocha pollution on the right to a healthy environment in Ondores, 2018

Flora Máxima Araujo Reyes — 2025-09-10

Water is essential for life, sustaining health, the ecosystem, and human development. The purpose of this article was to determine the relationship between the pollution of Lake Chinchaycocha and the fundamental right to enjoy a balanced and adequate environment in Ondores, Junín, Peru, in 2018. A non-experimental design, with a correlational scope and a cross-sectional quantitative approach, was used to evaluate 268 residents using a questionnaire as an instrument. The results show that the population perceives high pollution in Lake Chinchaycocha, with concerns about species extinction and sociocultural loss, with women and older adults demonstrating greater environmental sensitivity. Although 41% recognize the right to an adequate environment, there are limitations in its fulfillment. The moderate correlation (0.566) between pollution and violations of environmental rights highlights the need to integrate environmental management with the legal protection of individual and collective rights to safeguard community well-being.

Biological cycle of the “cocona leaf worm” Mechanitis polymnia proceriformis Bryk (Lepidoptera: Ithomyidae) in Pueblo Nuevo, Peru

Zidney Danilo Cristancho Ariza — 2025-09-10

The duration of the biological cycle of Mechanitis polymnia proceriformis Bryk was determined under laboratory conditions in Tingo María, Huánuco. The sample consisted of larvae collected from cocona crops. Eggs measure 1.52 × 0.63 mm with 86.76% viability, 39 eggs per clutch and incubation period of 5.25 days. Larvae present five instars measuring 3.30 × 0.60, 6.20 × 1.00, 10.80 × 1.43, 17.20 × 2.27 and 23.40 × 2.95 mm respectively. The pupa measures 15.92 × 5.95 mm. Adults present wing span of 65.00 mm, longevity of 3.5 days and sex ratio of 1:1.4. The biological cycle lasts 29.65 days. This information is relevant for biological control programs and development of sustainable economic alternatives.

Environmental impact on water in the mine mouths of La Rinconada mining center, Puno

Francisco Fuentes Ruiz — 2025-09-10

La actividad minera a pequeña escala realiza vertimientos de agua de mina sin realizar tratamiento alguno los cuales contienen diferentes metales pesados y son causantes en problemas de la calidad del agua afectando a todo ser vivo generando problemas de conflicto social con las áreas de influencia de la mina. Se planteó como objetivo de la investigación determinar el impacto ambiental hídrico en las bocaminas del centro minero La Rinconada – Puno. La metodología que se aplicó fue un enfoque cuantitativo, tipo de investigación no experimental ya que no se manipuló ninguna variable, el diseño fue descriptivo transversal, se tomó como muestra 500 ml de agua por bocamina de las 03 bocaminas seleccionadas, mediante plasma de acoplamiento inductivo – espectrometría de emisión atómica EPA METHOD 200.7 con tres repeticiones para cada muestra. Los principales resultados fueron que el agua no es apta para ninguna categoría o subcategoría respecto a las ECAs. Concluye que se logró determinar el impacto ambiental hídrico en las 03 bocaminas del centro minero La Rinconada – Puno, siendo un impacto negativo debido a sus altas concentraciones de metales pesados respecto a las ECAs para aguas del Perú, no es apto para la producción de agua potable, recreación, riego de vegetales y bebida de animales.

Chrysomelids associated with a horticultural agroecosystem in Oxapampa, Pasco, Perú

Luis Tibhy Acosta Trinidad — 2025-09-10

In Oxapampa, various species of the Chrysomelidae family are considered agricultural pests, which, given their potential impact on horticultural crops, makes their study essential. In this context, the objective of this research was to identify the chrysomelids associated with the horticultural agroecosystem of the Miraflores III Experimental Field at the Daniel Alcides Carrión National University. To this end, seven surveys were conducted in the horticultural field from May 9 to July 11, 2025. Plant species associated with the family Chrysomelidae were recorded, and the Simpson index was also evaluated to estimate their diversity. Four taxa were found, with Epitrix (Alticini) predominating (59.54%), followed by Acalymma (Luperini) (26.78%), Diabrotica (Luperini) (11.56%), and Gynandrobrotica (Luperini) (2.12%), the latter reported for the first time in the district. The diversity index was 0.56. In conclusion, the Chrysomelidae community associated with horticultural crops in the Miraflores III Experimental Field (Oxapampa) consisted of four taxa, which were linked to 25 plant species.

Relationship among nodule content, cowpea yield and phosphate application

Antonia Elizabeth Medina Paredes — 2025-09-10

Con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la fertilización fosfatada sobre conteo de nódulos y rendimiento del grano en frejol (Vigna unguiculata) variedad San Francisco-I, Método: se realizó un experimento en Medina, Ñeembucú, Paraguay. El suelo experimental fue Entisol (Typic Psammaquent), con baja fertilidad y bajo contenido de fósforo. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones y cinco niveles de fertilización fosfatada (0, 25, 50, 100 y 200 kg P₂O₅/ha). A los 60 días se evaluó el conteo de nódulos por planta y al momento de cosecha se midió el rendimiento de grano. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) en conteo de nódulos y diferencias altamente significativas (p<0,01) en rendimiento de grano según niveles de fosfato aplicados, observándose relación positiva entre nodulación y productividad. Conclusiones: El tratamiento con 50 kg P₂O₅/ha presentó el mayor beneficio económico, considerándose la dosis óptima para condiciones de baja fertilidad.

Water pollution and environmental right in Lircay, Huancavelica

Johel Cárdenas Solano — 2025-09-10

The study determined the relationship between water pollution and the fundamental right to a healthy environment in Lircay, Huancavelica, 2024. With a sample of 268 residents and applying Spearman’s correlation coefficient, ρ = 0.74 (p = 0.001) was obtained, evidencing a high and significant positive correlation. Greater perception of pollution corresponds to greater violation of environmental rights. The dimensions of fundamental rights showed significant correlations: human dignity (ρ = 0.68), diffuse belonging interest (ρ = 0.54), and finalist and personalist right (ρ = 0.44). The findings confirm that water pollution transcends the ecological sphere, directly affecting fundamental human rights. Public policies are required that articulate environmental management with rights protection, incorporating remediation measures, environmental monitoring, and citizen participation.

Simple hybrids of opaque corn (Zea mays L.) with high protein content for guinea pigs

Edgardo Arturo Vilcara Cárdenas — 2025-09-10

Ninety-eight single hybrids of forage corn and two parental controls (Opaco and Dekalb) were evaluated using a 10 x 10 simple lattice design to identify superior genotypes in protein content for guinea pig feeding. The 36 best hybrids selected for forage aptitude were analyzed to determine protein content and heterosis. Single hybrids 9 and 89 achieved protein contents of 11.7% and 9.9% respectively, surpassing the controls Opaco (9.7%) and Dekalb (8.9%). Heterosis allowed increases of up to 2% and 2.8% compared to parents. 5.56% of hybrids surpassed both controls in protein content, demonstrating the potential of hybrid vigor to improve nutritional quality of forage for guinea pig breeding

Effect of Azospirillum brasilense on carbon capture and maize yield

Marino Bautista Vargas — 2025-09-10

Carbon dioxide is one of the main gases responsible for climate change. This study evaluated the effect of Azospirillum brasilense inoculation on carbon sequestration and Zea mays yield under field conditions in Acobamba-Huancavelica. A randomized complete block design with four treatments (0, 16, 32, and 64 g of A. brasilense per kg of seed) and four replications in different environments was applied. Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in carbon weight, height, dry weight, fresh weight, and grain yield. Inoculation with 64 g of A. brasilense per kg of seed increased carbon sequestration by 8.15% and grain yield by 28.12%. These results demonstrate the affinity between maize and this plant growth-promoting bacterium and its potential as a sustainable alternative to mitigate climate change.

Marine water quality index and tourism on Ocucaje beaches

Alexia Yadira Mesías De La Cruz — 2025-09-10

The quality of marine waters in Ocucaje, Ica, is fundamental for recreational tourism and environmental conservation. Objective: To evaluate the marine water quality index (ICAM) for recreational use and its relationship with tourism on the beaches of Ocucaje, Ica. Method: Surveys were applied to 92 tourists, and physicochemical parameters of the water (pH, BOD₅, DO, and turbidity) were analyzed. The research was observational, prospective, and longitudinal, with a descriptive-correlational level. Results: The statistical analysis using Chi-Square showed a significant relationship between ICAM and marine environmental conditions (experimental value: 63.360 > critical value: 21.026), confirming the proposed hypothesis. The results underscore the importance of maintaining a healthy marine environment that supports biodiversity and enhances tourist appeal. Conclusions: Tourists' perceptions showed a degree of subjectivity as a limitation of the study. The relevance of continuous monitoring of ICAM with environmental control programs is validated to ensure a safe and sustainable environment for regional tourism.

The Green Balance: Examining the successes and shortcomings of Environmental Entities

Miguel Angel Flores Flores — 2025-09-10

Environmental obligations represent fundamental commitments assumed by the legal representatives of the auditable units, aimed at ensuring the protection and conservation of the environment. The study aims to evaluate the degree of compliance with environmental obligations of the legal representatives of auditable units by Environmental Entities (EFA) in municipalities in the Loreto region. The approach is quantitative, descriptive, and retrospective in design. Five key indicators were analyzed in 36 municipalities. The results indicate that compliance with the PLANEFA reached 48.2%, the regulatory framework 32.2%, the preparation and approval of the PLANEFA 64.7%, the quarterly report 58.7%, and the execution of scheduled activities 37.2%. The overall average level of compliance was 58.5%. The Provincial Municipality of Maynas stood out with 96.9%. It is concluded that the municipalities evaluated present significant opportunities for improvement in their environmental oversight processes, demonstrating the need to strengthen operational and budgetary capacities.

Production and quality of avocado fruit in vraem influence area for industrialization

Rebeca Vítor Flores — 2025-09-10

The objective of the research was to determine the relationship between production factors and the quality of avocado fruit (Persea americana) in the district of Huanta. The methodology for the study involved a questionnaire with 24 questions, administered in 15 sectors of the district of Huanta to 444 avocado producers. Results: 61% of avocado producers rated the technical, economic, and yield aspects of production as moderately important, 22% considered the technical, economic, and yield aspects of production to be highly important, and 17% Regarding avocado fruit quality, 53% rated the fruit as first quality in terms of length, weight, shape, stem, and presence of spots, scars, sunburn, streaks, and cracks. 57% rated the fruit as second quality, with sunburn, streaks, and cracks, and 63% rated the third quality of avocado fruit as fair. Conclusion: the general association between production indicators and fruit quality has a direct relationship where r = 0.363, meaning that the correlation between production indicators and avocado fruit quality is direct and significant. Conclusion: The relationship between production and fruit quality of avocados (Persea americana) in the sectors of the Huanta district has a significant and direct relationship where |tcal| > |ttab| (5.5778 > 1.97). Technical, economic, and yield indicators have a direct influence on obtaining fruit of different quality.

Design of trickling filter for wastewater treatment with anaerobic sludge in Pangaravi

Milagros Claudia Mesías Ortiz Huamani — 2025-09-10

The objective of this research was to design a trickling filter system applied to wastewater treatment with anaerobic sludge in the locality of Pangaravi, Nazca. The study was conducted using an applied, observational-prospective, cross-sectional approach with an explanatory level and experimental design. The methodology included physicochemical characterization of wastewater, treatment system sizing, and evaluation of fundamental operational parameters. During the sizing process, critical system parameters were evaluated, including recirculation flow rate, organic loading, volumetric hydraulic loading, vertical loading, and filtration velocity. Results demonstrated a removal capacity of 438.05 kg BOD₅/day for a filtration area of 247.42 m² and a packing volume of 742.25 m³, with an average organic loading of 0.63 kg/m³·day, utilizing a four-arm rotary distributor to ensure uniform effluent distribution. Efficiency analysis revealed that sludge mass production was significantly higher in the designed system compared to conventional systems, confirming the effectiveness of the trickling filter in wastewater stabilization and purification. The proposed system achieves removal efficiencies exceeding 85% for BOD₅ and total suspended solids. The research demonstrates that trickling filter technology offers superior performance characteristics including consistent pollutant removal, minimal energy requirements, and simplified operational maintenance protocols. It is concluded that this technology represents a viable technical alternative that is economically feasible and environmentally sustainable for rural communities. The system guarantees high efficiency in contaminant removal, contributes to adequate management of residual sludge, and significantly improves the environmental and sanitary quality of the study area. This approach provides a replicable model for similar communities facing wastewater treatment challenges.

Optimization of nutrient film thickness of the NFT hydroponic system on radish yield

José Antonio Legua Cárdenas — 2025-09-10

Greenhouse hydroponics represents a key and sustainable alternative within organic agriculture, as it contributes significantly to water conservation and promotes the production of healthy vegetables. In this context, the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) stands out as a hydroponic system designed to optimize water and nutrient consumption, consolidating itself as a valuable tool for sustainable agriculture and healthy food production. Nutrient supply in NFT hydroponic systems seeks to simplify management for farmers to keep nutrient amounts adjusted to plant needs, promoting a rational use of resources. Although Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) systems vary in size, complexity and composition, they offer an excellent avenue to grow crops in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. To validate this, a study used 12 PVC tubes, assigning three tubes to each level of nutrient solution film thickness. Seven seedlings were transplanted into each tube, resulting in a total of 84 seedlings in the hydroponic module. It was observed that crops harvested in the pyramidal hydroponic module, under greenhouse conditions, exhibited superior physical characteristics, including height, fruit weight and root development, specifically in the P4 group. Foliar analysis confirmed a positive trend in macro and micronutrient levels in the P3 and P4 trials, indicating that the ideal thickness of the nutrient solution sheet is between the ranges evaluated in these trials. Consequently, greenhouse hydroponics represents an efficient production method that conserves water, dispenses with soil and eliminates the use of pesticides.

Effectiveness of Cinnacontrol against Mycosphaerella fijiensis on banana farms in Los Ríos province

Luis Adrián Suarez García — 2025-09-10

Black sigatoka, caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis, represents one of the main phytosanitary challenges in global banana production, causing significant economic losses that can reach up to 50% of yields in commercial plantations. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of cinnamon extract (Cinnacontrol) in controlling black sigatoka in banana plantations in Los Ríos province. The approach is quantitative, applied experimental, with a randomized complete block design. Three Cinnacontrol-based treatments were evaluated at different doses compared to a control without application. The study was conducted over six months on three banana farms, with weekly monitoring of disease incidence and severity using the Stover-modified Gauhl scale. The results indicate that Cinnacontrol treatments demonstrated significant efficacy in reducing the severity of black sigatoka. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences between treatments (p less than 0.01), with the best response on farms evaluated during the summer and pre-winter periods. It is concluded that Cinnacontrol is a viable and sustainable alternative for the integrated management of Mycosphaerella fijiensis in banana, offering an effective tool that contributes to maintaining an adequate number of functional leaves and reduces dependence on synthetic fungicides.

Composting with “American Beauty” pitahaya peel to improve Hass avocado cultivation

Richard Smith Gutierrez Huayra — 2025-09-10

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of pitahaya peel (Hylocereus guatemalensis, cv. American Beauty) as a main component in the elaboration of compost and its effect on the cultivation of avocado (Persea americana, cv. Hass). A compost was made from pitahaya peel, characterized physicochemically and applied in an experimental design. Growth parameters, foliar nutrient content and yield were evaluated in Hass avocado plants. The results indicate that pitahaya peel is a residue with a high content of organic matter and nutrients. The resulting compost presented suitable characteristics for agricultural use, significantly improving the nutritional content of the soil and the development of the crop. The application of pitahaya compost increased the yield and improved the quality of the fruit compared to the control treatment. It is concluded that the composting of pitahaya peel is a viable and sustainable alternative for waste management and organic fertilization in the cultivation of Hass avocado.

Mitigation of acid drainage through water-limestone interaction in the environmental passivation of the school mine Pompería, Puno Perú

Anibal Sucari León — 2025-09-10

The Pompería School Mine, located in Puno, Peru, is classified as an environmental liability by the Ministry of Energy and Mines due to mining operations conducted between 1950 and 1970. These activities left behind waste rock dumps, ore, and underground workings without undergoing a formal mine closure process. Currently, an acidic water effluent emerges from the mine interior to the surface, flowing through a 25-meter limestone-lined channel. This study aimed to evaluate the mitigation process of acid drainage through water–limestone interaction at the Pompería School Mine environmental liability site. The research followed a quantitative approach, with a non-experimental, cross-sectional descriptive design. In situ measurements were conducted using the HANNA HI 9899 multiparameter device and the 4210 MP-AES Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer, applying a multi-acid digestion protocol. Water samples were analyzed at the Environmental Monitoring Laboratory of the Mining Engineering Faculty at UNA Puno. Results showed an increase in pH from 6.36 to 10.75, indicating a shift from acidic to alkaline conditions. Mercury concentrations rose from 4.33 to 6.67 ppm, while cadmium decreased from 10.33 to 6.67 ppm, lead from 203.33 to 65.00 ppm, and chromium from 7.00 to 3.33 ppm. It is concluded that the water–limestone interaction has a positive effect on acid drainage mitigation. However, heavy metal concentrations remain above the permissible limits established by the Environmental Quality Standards (ECA) for Category 3 water.

Formulation and characterization of bread enriched with anchovy (Engraulis ringens) and seaweed (Chondracanthus chamissoi) flours

Víctor Hernán Elias Yupanqui — 2025-09-10

The search for foods with enhanced nutritional value has driven innovation in the baking industry. This study focused on determining a viable formulation for a sandwich bread enriched by partially substituting wheat flour with flours from anchovy (Engraulis ringens) and seaweed (Chondracanthus chamissoi), abundant marine resources on the Peruvian coast. An experimental design with a quantitative approach was applied, developing four formulations with different substitution levels and a control. Physicochemical, nutritional, microbiological, and sensory properties were evaluated. The results showed a significant increase in protein content (up to 18.5 g/100g), omega-3 fatty acids (up to 480 mg/100g), calcium, and iron in the enriched formulations. Although the addition of marine flours increased hardness and modified color, the formulation with 15% anchovy flour and 10% seaweed flour (F2) demonstrated the best combination of nutritional value and sensory acceptability. It is concluded that it is feasible to develop a functional and nutritious sandwich bread, promoting the sustainable use of hydrobiological resources.

Application of different concentrations of cytokinin on the yield and quality of aweet cucumber (solanum muricatum Aiton)

Luís Felipe Bendezu Diaz — 2025-09-10

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of applying different concentrations of cytokinin on the yield y quality of pepino dulce (Solanum muricatum Aiton) in Cañete, Lima. he experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four treatments: 0, 500, 750, and 1000 ml of cytokinin per 200 L of water, and four replicates. Parameters evaluated included yield metrics (number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, and total yield) and quality attributes (fruit length, diameter, total soluble solids °Brix, and fruit pH). The results showed that cytokinin application didn’t generate statistically significant differences across all variables evaluated. However, certain treatments exhibited favorable trends. Regarding yield, treatment T2 (500 ml/200 L) recorded the highest number of fruits (7.34 fruits per plant), the greatest fruit weight (287.20 g), and the highest total yield (29.30 t/ha). In terms of quality, treatment T3 (750 ml/200 L) yielded the longest fruits (99.62 mm), while treatment T4 (1000 ml/200 L) achieved the largest fruit diameter (92.97 mm) and the highest total soluble solids content (5.73). Fruit pH remained stable within a range of 4.25 to 4.42, with no significant differences observed. In conclusion, the findings suggest that the application of cytokinins had a limited effect under the conditions of this study.